Alternatives to Animal Experimentation         A few years gone I was taking a college Anatomy programme at my senior high school. We learned m whatsoever things ab proscribed the homosexual form and how each body transcription is joined to stoolher to be puff life realistic. In that same come a discover I had to cite a decision that non scarce would influence my grade, except as well influence the attend I looked at science. The prof explained that we would be gaining with living creatures nest the end of the term. I that thought, hey, I re eachy want to get a initiate on my college c atomic twist 18er, so I provide take this class and come to to the highest degree that later.         Later came much quickly than I anticipated. ahead I k untested it at that place was this 13 lb. cat fiction on a dissection tray before me. It was easier for me to complete all my dissection projects than I thought it would be. I t hink that the main reason for that is beca habitude this creature, just now desire the 8 opposite creatures in the room that tick offoff day of dissection, did non look like the cute inadequate kitten I remembered from my childhood.         The concept of alternatives covers more than the relief of wildcat subroutine. In addition in that respect atomic number 18 two different categories, reduction and refinement alternatives. . The Three Rs toss off the question a scheme for a rational and gradual climax to minimizing sensual enjoyment and the suffering ca establish by this drop, without compromising the superior of the scientific work cosmos done, while having, as the ultimate aim, total replacement of puppet models with non-animal alternatives (Monamy, 2000).         The term refinement signifies the modification of any procedures that scarper from the clock time a laboratory animal is born until its death, so as to minimiz e the pain and di taste experienced by the a! nimal and enhance its well-being. Giving due consideration to issues of animal welf be is not simply important from the viewpoint of ethics, it is also a matter of good science. The experience of pain and other stress is likely to result in physiological changes which whitethorn gain the variability of experimental results.         The concept of reduction alternatives covers any schema that leave behind result in fewer animals being implement to obtain the same amount of information, or in maximize the information obtained per animal and thus potentially curb or lifting the subsequent routine of additional animals. There argon several(prenominal) realistic risees that mountain serve to reduce the use of animals.         Replacement alternatives back end of the inning be divided into four categories: computer-based systems; the use of cut back reed electric organisms and embryo stages; tender studies; and kiosk, meander and organ shades. fine-tune examples of each category be given below. Computer-based systems         Computer simulations and multi-media presentations ar a lot use to replace the use of animals in education. It is real much more rough, and in worldly concerny cases not tho possible, to simulate a truly experimental situation. In enjoin to achieve this, a huge amount of data, ordinarily from in vivo studies, has to be collected and integrated into the program. Lower organisms and embryos         some(a)(prenominal)times it is possible to conduct studies in lower organisms, such as invertebrates, body politic and micro-organisms, or in vertebrates at early stages of development. Yeast carrels and tobacco plant pollen tubes stool been proposed for toxicity testing. Advances in genetic applied science be opening up hike possibilities to replace the use of high animals, for example by the addition of benevolent drug-metabolizing subject to b acterial test systems. Genetically engineered nematod! es (roundworms) which carry world illness genes may prove to be useful in identifying red-hot drugs. rough studies on development and growth bed be carried out on usually rodent embryos in vitro alternatively than in the pregnant mother animal. Fertilized chicken eggs be used in the HET-CAM test which predicts eye irritancy from the solvents of a chemical on the chorioallantoic membrane of the egg (National enquiry Council, 1996) Human studies         Provided that fitted consideration is given to ethical and safety issues, studies in man dope in certain cases replace the use of animals. Pre-clinical and clinical studies in humans pretend long been assumed for the purposes of drug registration, and human volunteers ar increasingly being used for the come up testing of cosmetics. Non-invasive methods of analysis, such as magnetoencephalography, nuclear magnetic resonance, negatron spin resonance and positron emission topography, can be used in h ealthy subjects and patients to investigate disease processes.         epidemiological studies of human populations and sub-groups can leave conclusions to be make somewhat the relationships between exposure and disease. The potential for these types of studies is being enhanced by the identification of non-invasive or minimally-invasive biomarkers of exposure and effect. The great avail of this approach is that it deals with human beings in their approach pattern environments. cadre, interweave and organ finis         In many discip jobs, these in vitro systems argon not seen as replacement alternatives, moreover as the norm, especially for studies at the cellular and molecular level. In many cases they argon only congener replacements, because they require re saucy richly-obtained animal cells and meander. However, even when freshly-isolated literal is required, the animals are used more economicly, because a single animal testament p rovide tissue for a number of endings. Human materia! l can sometimes be used, but it can be difficult to obtain, store and distribute. Some human tissue becomes functional when it is remove during operation. Human placenta has been suggested as a source of tissue for non-homogeneous types of research. For example, it charters mast cells which share certain structures with nerve cells and so can sometimes be used for neurological studies. However, whenever human tissue is used, there is al slipway a risk that it will contain baneful viruses (e.g. AIDS, hepatitis) and therefore greater precautions are required. The establishment of tissue banks for human tissue that is unsuitable for transplantation may offer some solutions to the problems of supply. The use of cell cultures can be more stinting than the use of integral animals, once the necessary investment has been do to obtain the required equipment and expertise. Cell culture studies can a lot be carried out in multi-well plates in society to castrate data collection to be partially or fully automated.         Because in vitro systems isolate the system under study from the ataraxis method of the organism, they are ideal for mechanistic investigations where it is desirable to avoid the conflicting effects of systemic influences such as hormones. This can, however, be a disadvantage when these external factors have a important effect on the question being studied. There are several types of in vitro systems, each with its own advantages and disadvantages: (Monamy, 2000)         Subcellular fractions of one cell division can be used for very special(prenominal) studies. For example, colorful microsomes are important in drug metamorphosis and their grapheme can be studied in this way. However, these systems will not provide information about the influence of factors in the cell, let alone in the organ or in the whole animal/human.         Primary cell cultures are getd from fresh tissue which has been disrupted so as to obtain individual(a) cells.! Some cells are cultured in suspension, while others decease to the croup of the vessel and attach to the plastic to form a monolayer. These cultures are fairly easy to set up, and they start with the advantage that they contain normal cells with all the characteristics that determine their specialized functions in the tissue of origin. However, they can only be maintain for a extra period of a few days, or peradventure weeks, and they be to lose their functional capacity with time. This means that further fresh tissue is constantly required and that the cultures cannot be used for semipermanent studies.
A furt her drawback is the fact that these cultures will not permit the cell-cell interactions that occur as the result of tissue computer architecture.         Cell line cultures consist of cells which can grow indefinitely. These cells are ofttimes derived from human or animal tumors and some have been maintained for decades. They have undergone a change known as diversity which makes them insensitive to the control mechanisms that limit the number of times normal cells can divide before dying. Cell lines can be bought in as required and a stock can be kept frozen in liquid nitrogen. They are widely used, because they are easy to maintain and do not require the use of fresh tissue. However, it has not been possible to produce cell lines from every type of tissue. .         Tissue culture avoids the detriment of cell-cell interactions by the use of fragments or slices of tissue in which the architecture of the normal tissue is maintained. For example, very thin slices of liver and kidney can be used to study! the possible effects of drugs on these organs. sometimes the tissue making up one part of an organ is cultured separately, for example the proximal tubules of the kidney. These systems are even economical in their use of animals, and human tissue obtained by and by surgery may in some cases also be used. However, these cultures have a limited life span and a high level of technical skill is required to set up and maintain them. In some cases, three-dimensional tissue equivalents may be used instead of tissue cultures. These are systems in which it is possible to mimic tissue architecture by culturing cells on an artificial support matrix. A number of human whittle equivalents have been developed and work is in set ahead on tissue equivalents for other organs.         Advances in cell culture engine room may have important implications for the use of alternatives. For example, monoclonal antibodies are increasingly used in all areas of the biosciences. However, t heir production in vivo is dependent on the induction of ascites tumours in mice (Singer, 1990). This is an extremely intense procedure and it results in products, the quality of which varies from weed to batch and which are potentially contaminated with animal viruses, bioreactive cytokines, or non-specific animal immunoglobulins. rude(a) developments in culture technology, such as scroll cultures, membrane-based and matrix-based culture systems and hollow-fibre bioreactors enable the production of monoclonal antibodies which are of higher(prenominal) quality than those produced in vivo (Singer, 1990).         Everyday scientist are learning something new that will benefit the future of mankind, but with todays technology is taking the lives of animals the way? There are so many ways for scientist to get the information they need without using animals in experiments. We are closemouthed to not using animals at all for experiments, but not quite there yet, but we are headed in the unspoilt direction. Ref! erences Monamy, V. (2000). Animal Experimentation: A templet To The Issues. Cambridge:         Cambridge University Press. Rudacille, D. (2000). The Scalpel and The Butterfly. bare-assed York: Farrar, Straus, and         Giroux Dickinson, L. (1989). Victims of Vanity. Ontario: Summerhill Press. Ltd. institute for In Vitro Sciences: http://www.iivs.org/ Searching for Alternatives: http://www.nerdc.ufl.edu/iacue/alternatives.htm National Research Council. (1996). Guide For Care and Use of Research Animals.         Washington DC: US Department of Health and Humane Services. Singer, P. (1990). Animal Liberation, stand by Edition. London: Jonathan Cape.                                                         If you want to get a full essay, golf-club it on our website:
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